"Privity of Contract" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privity_of_contract
[DERIVED FROM PRIVITY ABOVE...]
"DENIZEN"
In
English law, a person who, being an alien born, has obtained, ex
donatione regis [Law Dictionary & Black's Law Dictionary 2nd Ed. In English law: A
person who, being an alien born, has obtained, ex donatione regis, letters patent to make him an English subject, a high and incommunicable branch of the royal prerogative.], letters patent to make him an English subject,-a high
and incommunicable branch of the royal prerogative. A denizen is in a
kind of middle state between an alien and a natural-born subject, and
partakes of the status of both of these. The term is used to signify a
person who, being an alien by birth, has obtained letters patent making
him an English subject. The king may denize, but not naturalize, a man;
the latter requiring the consent of parliament, as under the
naturalization act, 1870, 33 & 34 Vict., c.
14. A denizen
holds a position midway between an alien [ex. someone living in U.S.] and a natural-born or
naturalized subject, being able to take lands by purchase or devise [1870, when alien were allowed], but not able to take lands by
descent (which a natural-born or naturalized subject may do). The
denizen becomes a British subject from the date of the letters while a
naturalized person is placed in a position equivalent to that of a
natural-born subject. Naturalization of aliens is now governed by
British Nationality Act.
In American law, a dweller; a stranger
admitted to certain rights in a foreign country or as one who lives
habitually in a country but is not a native born citizen; one holding a
middle state between an alien and a natural born subject. One who has
some relation to the enemy nation which is not lost by the alien's
presence within the United States. United States ex reI. Zdunic v. Uhl,
C.C.A.N.Y., 137 F.2d 858, 861; United States ex reI. D'Esquiva v. Uhl,
C.C.A. N.Y., 137 F.2d 903, 905. Thus, one who lived and worked in
Austria in 1938 at time Germany obtained control of Austrian government,
and continued to live there until leaving for the United States in
1939, at which time he was issued a German passport, was a "denizen" of
Germany, within Enemy Alien Act [The denizen therefore becomes an enemy of the state.] United States ex reI. Zdunic v. Uhl,
D.C.N.Y., 47 F.Supp. 520.
A denizen, in the primary, but obsolete, sense of the word is a natural-born subject of a country. Acceptance of the birthday makes one a denizen of England.
Ex Injuria Jus Non Oritur - https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2637&context=lawreview
35 USC 101 - https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/35/101
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